Reward-dependent suppression or facilitation of consummatory behaviour by raclopride

Rats were presented for 1 h with 0.7%, 7% or 34% sucrose solutions, either separately with water as an alternative (two-bottle test), or with all three concentrations concurrently available (three-bottle test). In trained animals, 7% sucrose produced the highest intakes in the two-bottle test, but 34% sucrose was preferred in the three-bottle test. In both tests the dopamine D-2 antagonist raclopride (100–400 µg/kg) reduced intake of 0.7% sucrose solution, but increased intake of 34% sucrose; both effects were apparent during the first 5 min of testing. In the two-bottle test, intake of the intermediate 7% concentration showed both effects: an immediate decrease and a later increase. In the three-bottle test, sucrose-naive animals showed a gradual onset of preference for 34% sucrose, and enhancements of intake by raclopride were not at first immediate; immediate enhancements required three sessions of exposure. Raclopride did not alter the consumption of a 0.001% solution of quinine. We consider the implications of these results for theories of neuroleptic drug action.     

公立医院改革与发展的伦理选择

我国公立医院的牌子是公立，资产属于国家，而经营行为。明显地走上了营利性道路。在公立医院改革与发展路径的选择上，既要反对由政府包办的纯公益路径，也要反对完全市场化的路径，要在坚持公益性的前提下进行有限的市场化。将公共机制与市场机制有机结合。     

用正交试验设计优选苦参七味胶囊的提取工艺条件

目的 探索苦参七味胶囊的最佳提取工艺条件.方法 利用正交试验设计方案,以栀子苷和氧化苦参碱为测定指标,综合考察水提和乙醇提取制备工艺.结果 优选出工艺条件分别为:栀子等两味药加12倍量的水,提取2次,2h/次:苦参等四味药加12倍量的85%乙醇,提取3次,2 h/次,土木香粉碎过100目筛用于收膏.结论 本提取工艺方法简便,操作可行.     

用正交试验设计优选苦参七味胶囊的提取工艺条件

目的 探索苦参七味胶囊的最佳提取工艺条件.方法 利用正交试验设计方案,以栀子苷和氧化苦参碱为测定指标,综合考察水提和乙醇提取制备工艺.结果 优选出工艺条件分别为:栀子等两味药加12倍量的水,提取2次,2h/次:苦参等四味药加12倍量的85%乙醇,提取3次,2 h/次,土木香粉碎过100目筛用于收膏.结论 本提取工艺方法简便,操作可行.     

基层单位怎样选择交叉配血试验方法

临床输血在抢救患者的生命过程中起着非常重要的作用.在输血之前,需要鉴定患者的ABO血型和Rh血型,还必须做交叉配血试验,这是确保病人安全输血必不可少的.过去传统方法是盐水交叉配血,它只能检测完全抗体,近年来为了临床输血更安全,要求配血时采用两种方法进行,达到取长补短,发挥高效的作用.我科采用盐水交叉配血和凝聚胺试验交叉配血联合进行,收到了较好的效果.现报告如下.     

多元回归分析中离散变量的几种定量化方法

本文介绍离散变量(定性和等级变量)的三种定量化方法。经这些方法定量化后,多元回归分析的目的分别为将各类别(或等级)的依变量:1)与某一参照类别(或等级)比较;2)与各类别(或等级)的平均水平比较;3)与相邻类别(或等级)比较。本文通过两个实际例子阐述这些定量化方法的适用条件,在回归分析中的意义和优缺点。     

剖宫产麻醉的注意事项及麻醉选择

目的为了提高麻醉质量,保证胎儿和母体的安全。方法回顾分析我院2009年1月120例割宫产临床资料。结果有30例血压下降,超过基础血压25％,一半晨仰卧位低血压综合征;5倒术中呕吐;全麻病人新生儿Apgar评分偏低,椎管内麻醉有2例导管误入血管,3例麻醉平面过高。结论剖宫产麻醉术前要充分准备,既要考虑产妇特有的生理变化,又要顾及麻醉药物和麻醉方法对新生儿及母体的影响。     

洁泽2号抗阴道毛滴虫的体外药效研究

目的:观察洁泽2号(JZ2)体外抗阴道毛滴虫的作用。方法:比较不同时间、不同浓度的JZ2、JZ1、N-9及甲硝唑体外抗滴虫的效果。结果:随着药物作用时间的延长和药物浓度的增加,滴虫死亡率增高;相同时间内各药物浓度组滴虫死亡率与对照组比较均有显著性差异(P<0.05);JZ2(0.25±0.0625)mg.ml-1浓度作用2h及(0.125±0.03125)mg.ml-1浓度作用48h滴虫死亡率均达到100%,相同时间内滴虫死亡率高于同浓度的JZ1、N-9及1%甲硝唑(P<0.05)。结论:JZ2有较好的体外抗滴虫作用,其作用效果强于同浓度的JZ1、N-9及1%甲硝唑。     

Intraocular Injection of Muscimol Induces Illusory Motion Reversal in Goldfish

Induced activation of the gamma-aminobutyric acid_A (GABA_A) receptor in the retina of goldfish caused the fish to rotate in the opposite direction to that of the spinning pattern during an optomotor response (OMR) measurement. Muscimol, a GABA_A receptor agonist, modified OMR in a concentration-dependent manner. The GABA_B receptor agonist baclofen and GABA_C receptor agonist CACA did not affect OMR. The observed modifications in OMR included decreased anterograde rotation (0.01~0.03 µM), coexistence of retrograde rotation and decreased anterograde rotation (0.1~30 µM) and only retrograde rotation (100 µM~1 mM). In contrast, the GABA_A receptor antagonist bicuculline blocked muscimolinduced retrograde rotation. Based on these results, we inferred that the coding inducing retrograde movement of the goldfish retina is essentially associated with the GABA_A receptor-related visual pathway. Furthermore, from our novel approach using observations of goldfish behavior the induced discrete snapshot duration was approximately 573 ms when the fish were under the influence of muscimol.